Safwat Zargar
On May 19, the Jammu and Kashmir High Court issued notice to the Central government asking it to file a reply within a month to a petition challenging the validity of the infamous Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act.
The Public Safety Act is a preventive detention law that allows authorities to hold individuals in custody without a trial for up to two years on grounds of national security and
up to a year for the maintenance of public order. The law is specific to Jammu and Kashmir.
The petition was filed in September 2019 by Syed Tassadque Hussain, a senior lawyer in Srinagar. “For 14 months, all we got was just a date for the next hearing,” he said.
“Unfortunately, there is no debate about the delay in the hearing of the petition in the media.”
Hussain’s petition has challenged the constitutionality of the Public Safety Act based on amendments made to the Constitution of India in 1979.
That year, the Janata party government at the Centre enacted the Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, passed by Parliament in December 1978, to undo constitutional changes made by the Indira Gandhi government during the emergency in 1975.
One of the amendments modified Article 22 of the Constitution, which deals with protection against detentions. This amendment – Section 3 of the 44th Amendment Act – is still to be notified 41 years later.
Like previous governments, even the Modi government has refused to specify a time-frame for the implementation of this amendment.
Many say this is perhaps the only one of all the amendments made to the Constitution till date which hasn’t been enforced yet.
What does the amendment say?
Prior to the amendment, clause 4 of Article 22 of the Constitution allowed authorities to detain a person for a maximum period of three months unless “an Advisory Board consisting of persons who are, or have been, or are qualified to be appointed as, Judges of a High Court”, reported in its opinion before the expiration of the detention period that there is “sufficient cause” for such detention.
Section 3 of the Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978 substituted this clause and limited the maximum period of preventive detention to only two months.
The Public Safety Act in Jammu and Kashmir allows a person to be kept in preventive detention for a period of two years without trial.
“If this amendment is brought into force, then the entire Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978, will have to be struck down,” said Hussain.
The Section 3 amendment also restricted the writ of the government in appointing advisory boards to review the detentions.
For example, instead of having retired judges or those qualified to be appointed as judges on the Advisory Board, the amendment ensured that the board is headed by a serving judge of the relevant high court, who is aided by at least two retired or serving judges of any high court.
Another clause omitted by the Section 3 amendment was clause 7(a) in Article 22 of the Constitution, which allows Parliament to make laws for preventive detention of a person for a period longer than three months and without the opinion of an advisory board.
These clauses of Article 22 – clause 4 and 7 – were extensively used by the Indira Gandhi government during the emergency to detain her opponents arbitrarily.
Once she was thrown out of power, the Janata party government led by Morarji Desai sought to reverse what it said were violations of the Constitution.
In 1982, three years after the 44th Amendment Act was passed, the Supreme Court said it did not approve of “the long and unexplained failure” to enforce Section 3 of the Act.
“The Parliament having seen the necessity of introducing into the Constitution a provision like section 3 of the 44th Amendment, it is not open to the Central Government to sit in judgment over the wisdom of the policy of that section,” it had noted in AK Roy versus Union of India, 1982, while refraining from directing the government to do so.
Four decades later, Hussain believes it is high time the Jammu and Kashmir High Court stepped in and directed the government to enforce Section 3 of the 44th Amendment Act “because the will of the Parliament cannot be defied for an indefinite time”.
With Jammu and Kashmir now being a Union Territory, the enforcement of the amendment will automatically apply to the region, unlike the past when any constitutional amendment had to be ratified by the erstwhile state’s government.
‘A lawless law’ Enacted in 1978, Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act was primarily passed to crack down on timber smugglers in the erstwhile state.
However, the law eventually became synonymous with the government’s efforts to crush dissent in the restive Kashmir valley.
In 1982, the Public Safety Act was described as a “lawless law” by the Supreme Court of India in Jaya Mala vs Government Of Jammu and Kashmir.
But that hasn’t stopped successive governments in Kashmir from using the law against separatists, stone-pelters, politicians, activists and dissidents.
An Amnesty International report compiled after a summer of unrest in 2010 said the preventive detention law had become a tool for quelling political dissent – and by the government’s own admission, to keep people “out of circulation.”
In its arbitrariness and sweeping powers to the state, the act mirrors some of the notorious preventive detention laws seen historically across the globe.
From civil war-torn Ireland in 1923 to the apartheid regime of South Africa in 1953, preventive detention laws have been an effective tool at the hands of the government to detain persons on flimsy grounds.
The law had also come handy for the union government in the run up to its announcement of August 5, 2019 decision.
In February, 2020, Union Minister of State for Home G Kishan Reddy said 444 people in Jammu and Kashmir had been detained under the Public Safety Act since August 2019.
Among those detained were three former chief ministers of the erstwhile state and a sitting Member of Parliament.
Prior to August 2019, the law had been extensively used during the 2016 Burhan Wani uprising with over 500 people booked under preventive detention in a span of less than four months.
As Jammu and Kashmir lost its status as a special state within the Indian union and its Constitution ceased to exist, it came under the ambit of Indian Constitution.
Despite this, the Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act continues to remain in place. It was one of the 166 laws from the old state Constitution which was retained by New Delhi after the erstwhile state became a union territory.
Sixty five-year-old Ghulam Mohammad Bhat, who was detained under the Public Safety Act in August 2019, died in a prison in Uttar Pradesh five months later.
Detention by government Under Section 8 of Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, the power to issue detention orders against an individual is entrusted to District Magistrates and Divisional Commissioners.
In his petition, Hussain has challenged this clause, citing that the power to detain a person is a “sovereign function of the state” which can’t be delegated to any district or divisional level officer of the union territory.
“It is a political decision, therefore the government should take it,” Hussain argued. “The Lieutenant Governor himself or the cabinet should be responsible for it.
