TO counter terrorism effectively, Pakistan requires a comprehensive and sound strategy that addresses both immediate threats and the root causes of extremism and is proactive rather than reactive.
First and foremost is the revival and full implementation of the National Action Plan (NAP) which was introduced in 2014 and remains a cornerstone of Pakistan’s counterterrorism efforts.
It emphasizes both kinetic (military and law enforcement) and non-kinetic (political, social and economic) measures.
It is imperative to strengthen intelligence and security infrastructure because enhancing intelligence-sharing mechanisms and modernizing security forces are crucial to pre-empt and neutralize terrorist threats.
This includes addressing vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure, such as railways, airports, bus terminals and public spaces.
It is crucial to integrate advanced technologies like drones, AI-based surveillance and data analytics for real-time threat assessment and conducting intelligence-based operations to dismantle militant networks and disrupt their funding sources.
Simultaneously, there is a dire need to address cross-border threats.
Pakistan must work with international partners, including the United Nations, to address terrorism originating from neighbouring regions.
Diplomatic efforts should focus on holding external actors accountable for supporting or financing terrorism.
Socioeconomic development and education should be the foundation of a sound counterterrorism strategy because long-term stability requires addressing the underlying grievances that fuel extremism.
This includes investing in education, creating job opportunities and improving governance in marginalized regions.
Building trust with local communities and promoting narratives that counter extremist ideologies is vital.
This involves engaging religious leaders, educators and opinion builders to foster a culture of peace and tolerance.
Strengthening the judicial system to ensure swift and fair trials for terrorism-related cases is crucial.
This includes protecting witnesses and victims to encourage reporting and cooperation.
Several countries have implemented successful counter-terrorism strategies that Pakistan can learn from.
The UK’s “Prevent” strategy focuses on preventing radicalization involves engaging with communities, promoting integration and addressing grievances that may lead to extremism.
It also includes de-radicalization programs for individuals at risk.
United States (Post-9/11 Measures) include enhancing its intelligence-sharing mechanisms, establishing the Department of Homeland Security and implementing the USA PATRIOT Act to strengthen its counter-terrorism framework.
Community engagement and counter-narratives have also been key components.
France’s Vigipirate Plan is a comprehensive security framework that includes public awareness campaigns, enhanced surveillance and rapid response teams to address terrorist threats.
Sri Lanka’s military strategy combined with political efforts successfully ended the decades-long conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).
The approach included intelligence-led operations and cutting off financial support to the group.
Saudi Arabia has implemented rehabilitation programs for former extremists, focusing on education, psychological counselling and reintegration into society.
The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy emphasizes international cooperation, capacity-building and respect for human rights while addressing the conditions conducive to terrorism.
China’s counter-terrorism and counter-extremism strategies have been multifaceted, with a strong focus on security, surveillance and social control.
Each of these strategies highlights the importance of a multi-faceted approach, combining security measures with community engagement, education and international collaboration, however applying counter-terrorism strategies in Pakistan faces several challenges due to its unique socio-political and geographical context.
Some key obstacles include the inconsistent implementation of policies.
Terrorist groups operating from neighbouring regions, particularly Afghanistan, pose a significant challenge.
Despite diplomatic efforts, cross-border infiltration and support for militant groups remain persistent issues.
Pakistan’s economic challenges limit its ability to invest in long-term counter-terrorism measures, such as education, infrastructure and community development.
Weak governance and corruption hinder the effective allocation of resources and the enforcement of laws, making it difficult to sustain counter-terrorism efforts.
The prevalence of extremist ideologies in certain regions complicates efforts to counter radicalization.
Community engagement and counter-narratives require significant time and resources.
Pakistan’s strategic location and involvement in global counter-terrorism efforts expose it to international pressures, which can sometimes conflict with its domestic priorities.
Addressing these challenges requires an integrated approach that combines immediate security measures with long-term reforms.
Pakistan Army had a modicum of success in curbing terrorism initially but some critics argue that the military’s approach has been overly reliant on force, potentially alienating local populations.
There are calls for a more balanced strategy that includes political dialogue and greater autonomy for underprivileged provinces like Balochistan.
Creating political harmony is vital for effectively countering terrorism in Pakistan as it fosters unity and strengthens the nation’s collective efforts.
Political harmony ensures that all stakeholders, regardless of their party affiliations, align on a common national agenda against terrorism.
A unified approach prevents policy disruptions and creates consistency in counter-terrorism efforts.
A politically stable environment allows for more effective governance, reducing corruption and ensuring the efficient implementation of policies, such as the NAP.
This helps address socioeconomic grievances that often fuel extremism.
When political parties work in harmony, they can pass crucial legislation related to counter-terrorism, such as laws that enhance the capabilities of security forces or regulate hate speech and extremist propaganda.
Political stability reassures citizens that their leaders are focused on national priorities, rather than engaging in infighting.
This builds public trust and encourages community cooperation in counter-terrorism measures.
Political harmony can foster better collaboration between civilian governments and the military, ensuring a balanced and coordinated approach to counter-terrorism operations.
In Pakistan’s context, achieving political harmony may require setting aside partisan differences, building trust among political entities and fostering an inclusive dialogue.
It is a challenging but essential step toward ensuring a safer and more secure future.
—The writer, Retired Group Captain of PAF, is author of several books on China. (sultanm.hali@gmail.com)
