PAKISTAN faces escalating energy demand alongside an over-reliance on fossil fuels. Its energy infrastructure is marred by frequent power outages, high transmission losses and electricity theft, particularly in cities like Karachi, where the grid is increasingly unreliable. However, the country possesses abundant renewable resources, such as solar, wind and small hydropower, which offer a sustainable solution to the energy crisis. Transitioning from centralized to decentralized renewable energy systems presents a viable path forward.
Centralized energy systems, reliant on large-scale plants and long-distance transmission, suffer from inefficiencies, including high costs, significant losses and vulnerability to disruptions. In contrast, decentralized renewable energy systems (DRES) generate electricity locally through solar panels, wind turbines, and microgrids. These systems minimize transmission losses, improve energy reliability and enhance community access to cost-effective energy. Furthermore, local grids enable peer-to-peer energy sharing, making energy more resilient and accessible.
Decentralized systems have proven successful globally. Germany’s Energiewende integrates widespread solar and wind use, allowing communities to manage their own energy. Similarly, New York’s Brooklyn Microgrid enables residents to generate, store and trade solar energy locally. Such models offer valuable lessons for Pakistan, particularly Karachi, where decentralized systems could mitigate persistent outages and theft.
Karachi, with its high solar irradiance of 5.5 kWh/m²/day, is ideal for rooftop solar power generation which can significantly reduce grid dependence. As solar technology becomes more affordable, the potential for widespread adoption grows. The city also has considerable wind energy potential, with speeds ranging from 5.2 to 6.3 m/s. While its wind power capacity is below the ideal, small-scale turbines, combined with solar systems, can meaningfully contribute to energy generation.
Economically and socially, DRES drive growth by creating jobs in installation, maintenance and energy management while reducing energy poverty and promoting equity. These systems empower underserved communities, improve energy affordability and lower long-term costs by reducing transmission losses. Microgrids, incorporating renewable sources and smart technologies, can address Karachi’s energy challenges by enhancing efficiency and reliability.
Despite their potential, barriers such as high upfront costs, outdated infrastructure, regulatory gaps and limited expertise hinder adoption. Addressing financing issues, modernizing the grid and building technical expertise are essential. Climate-resilient systems will also ensure long-term success. Encouragingly, the government’s interest in renewable energy is growing, with initiatives like the Alternate Energy Development Board and net metering offering incentives. Support from international organizations, including the World Bank and UNDP, is aiding renewable energy projects in Pakistan.
The shift to decentralized renewable energy systems offers a transformative solution to Pakistan’s energy challenges. By leveraging its renewable resources and addressing systemic barriers, Pakistan can achieve energy independence and sustainable development. Collaborative efforts from the government, private sector, and global partners will be crucial in powering a greener, more resilient future.
—The writer is contributing columnist.
