PAKISTAN has a long history of hosting Afghan refugees, beginning with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Since then, millions of Afghan refugees have sought shelter in Pakistan, escaping war, conflict and political instability in their homeland. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Pakistan has hosted more than three million registered Afghan refugees, with a significant number of unregistered refugees.
Pakistan shares a complex relationship with Afghanistan, characterized by historical, cultural and ethnic ties. Both nations have faced challenges such as cross-border militancy, terrorism and drug trafficking. Despite these challenges, struggles have been made to promote diplomatic ties and enhance cooperation on major issues such as trade, security and regional stability.
International organizations, including the UNHCR and various donor countries, have supported Pakistan in hosting Afghan refugees. These organizations have facilitated with financial assistance, humanitarian aid and infrastructure development to accommodate the refugees’ resettlement and integration. Pakistan has played a major role in coordinating with these organizations and ensuring the welfare of the refugees.
Unfortunately, Pakistan has also experienced terror attacks by the Afghan Taliban, an extremist group operating in Afghanistan. These attacks have caused significant loss of life and damage. Examples include the attack on the Army Public School in Peshawar in 2014, the suicide bombing at Lal Shahbaz Qalandar shrine in 2017 and the assault on the Pearl Continental Hotel in Gwadar in 2019. Such attacks have strained the relationship between the two countries. The Pakistan-Afghanistan border — Durand Line, has been a source of tension between the two countries. Disputes over its legitimacy and porous nature have led to concerns about cross-border militancy, illegal trade and smuggling. However, efforts to enhance border security and resolving these issues have been going on but challenges still persist.
In addition to registered refugees, there has been a significant influx of undocumented Afghan immigrants into Pakistan. These individuals often face socio-economic challenges, as they lack official recognition and access to basic services. The presence of undocumented migrants has further strained resources and put pressure on local communities.
The influx of Afghan refugees, particularly in cities like Karachi, has posed challenges for local communities. Overpopulation, increased demand for resources, strained infrastructure and cultural differences have caused tension between Afghan refugees and locals. These challenges have resulted in social and economic disparities, impacting the harmony of the host communities. Despite being a host country for refugees, Pakistan faces economic stability concerns. The country relies heavily on foreign funding and loans to sustain its economy. The strain caused by hosting Afghan refugees further exacerbates these challenges, necessitating international assistance for the welfare and integration of refugees.
To address the safe refugee situation, efforts should focus on durable solutions. Voluntary repatriation can be facilitated, ensuring a safe and dignified return of Afghan refugees to their homeland, supported by international organizations and cooperation between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Furthermore, the collaboration with the international community can explore resettlement options for Afghan refugees in third countries, ensuring their protection and integration. Strengthening diplomatic efforts between Pakistan, Afghanistan and neighbouring countries can also enhance regional cooperation in collectively addressing the refugee crisis, border security and socio-economic development.
Pakistan’s history of hosting Afghan refugees reflects its commitment to humanitarian values. However, the prolonged presence of refugees poses challenges to the host country, including security threats, economic strains and social issues. Through collaboration with international organizations and regional partners, Pakistan may work towards sustainable solutions that prioritize the well-being of Afghan refugees while addressing its own socio-economic stability.
—The writer is teacher and member, PFUC, Johi, Sindhi.
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