Obesity epidemic: unveiling the hidden health crisis
OBESITY is a significant public health concern worldwide, with far-reaching implications for individuals and society as a whole. It is characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat, often resulting from a combination of genetic, environmental and behavioural factors. While the societal emphasis on body image and aesthetics is prevalent, the health consequences of obesity are perhaps the most concerning aspect.
Obesity is recognized as a major risk factor for a range of health problems and chronic conditions. The excessive weight places additional stress on various organs and systems in the body leading to increased vulnerability to numerous diseases. One of the most prominent health issues associated with obesity is cardiovascular disease, including conditions such as high blood pressure, heart attack and stroke. The excess fat tissue can lead to inflammation, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, all of which contribute to cardiovascular complications.
Pakistan is ranked 165 (out of 194 countries) in terms of its overweight population, with 22.2% of individuals over the age of 15 crossing the threshold of obesity. This ratio roughly corresponds with other studies, which state one-in-four Pakistani adults as being overweight. The WHO figures show that 58.1% of Pakistanis are overweight, with 43.9% obese. However, according to the Asian cut-offs that are not yet globally recognized, 72.3% of Pakistanis are overweight with obesity affecting 58.1% of the population.
Moreover, obesity is closely linked to the development of type 2 diabetes. Adipose tissue, particularly in the abdominal region, produces hormones and inflammatory molecules that interfere with insulin action, resulting in elevated blood sugar levels. Overtime, this can lead to the onset of diabetes, a chronic condition with numerous complications affecting multiple organ systems.
Obesity is also associated with an increased risk of certain types of cancer, including breast, colorectal and endometrial cancer. The excess body fat and its metabolic effects can promote the growth of cancer cells and create an inflammatory environment conducive to tumour development.
Additionally, obesity contributes to musculoskeletal problems such as osteoarthritis, as the excessive weight places strain on the joints, leading to degeneration and pain. Respiratory disorders, sleep apnea, fatty liver disease, gallbladder disease and mental health conditions like depression and anxiety are also more prevalent among individuals with obesity.
Addressing obesity requires a comprehensive approach that encompasses lifestyle modifications such as adopting a balanced diet and engaging in regular physical activity. Furthermore, intervention at the societal level, including improved access to healthy food, promotion of physical activity and education on nutrition, are crucial in combating this epidemic.
Recognizing the detrimental effects of obesity on health are essential in advocating for preventive measures, early intervention and support for individuals struggling with weight management. By addressing obesity proactively, we can alleviate the burden it places on individuals, healthcare systems and society, ultimately improving overall health outcomes.
—The writer is contributing columnist, based in Rawalpindi.
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