IN the calm Eastern Himalayas, Bhutan, the “Land of the Thunder Dragon,” blends old traditions with the natural world, promoting a thoughtful way of living. This nation stands out not only for its rich heritage but also as the world’s foremost carbon-negative country, setting the standard for environmental stewardship. Contrary to traditional economic measurements, Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness (GNH) index prioritizes the spiritual, physical, and social well-being of its citizens, alongside cultural and environmental conservation. This philosophy is enshrined in the constitution, mandating that at least 60% of its land remains forested for future generations – a natural advantage for carbon sequestration.
Bhutan’s vast forests, carpeting 72.3% of its land, serve as ecological and biodiversity havens, and crucially, massive carbon sinks. These verdant expanses absorb more carbon dioxide (CO2) than the country emits, making Bhutan a carbon-negative nation. Forests hold immense spiritual and economic significance here, revered as sacred places and contributing to a circular economy through resources like timber and non-timber forest products, while offering vital ecosystem services. Showcasing its unwavering commitment, Bhutan etched its name in the Guinness World Records in 2015 when a dedicated team of 100 volunteers in the capital city, Thimphu, planted an astonishing 49,672 trees in just one hour.
The country’s abundant rivers generate low-carbon hydroelectricity which it exports generously to neighbouring countries, significantly reducing regional emissions. In 2021, Bhutan produced nearly 11,000 GWh of electricity and exported over 80%, projecting to offset 22.4 million tons of CO2 emissions in the region by 2025 through hydroelectricity exports. Bhutan’s commitment to sustainability is evident in its embrace of renewable energy technologies, including grid-tied solar projects like the one at the UN House in Thimphu. These initiatives not only showcase the viability of solar energy but also enhance Bhutan’s energy security by diversifying its energy sources, potentially reducing dependence on climate-vulnerable hydropower.
Bhutan’s innovative approach to technology and innovation fosters accurate, efficient, secure and transparent carbon markets, aligning with Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Rooted in Buddhist beliefs, Bhutan’s unique conservation strategy emphasizes harmony with nature and respect for all living beings, driving its unwavering commitment to preserving natural resources. Bhutan’s success in achieving carbon negativity has inspired global emulation, catalyzing a movement towards sustainability. However, the world still grapples with the challenge of excessive CO2 emissions, with China, the United States, India, Russia, and Japan leading as top emitters, while even countries like Pakistan contribute to this pressing issue.
However, amidst the progress made by countries like Iceland, Costa Rica, Denmark, Sweden, Morocco, and Singapore in adopting renewable energy solutions, Pakistan faces substantial hurdles. Positioned 30th on the global carbon index, its heavy reliance on fossil fuels, particularly in electricity generation and agriculture, exacerbates air pollution and climate vulnerabilities. This reliance not only contributes to environmental degradation but also exposes the country to intensified flooding and economic strain due to erratic rainfall patterns. The urgency to address these challenges is underscored by the need for Pakistan to transition towards sustainable energy sources and implement robust climate adaptation measures. Without prompt action, the country risks facing increasingly severe environmental and socio-economic consequences.
Learning from Bhutan’s success in forest conservation and eco-tourism can bolster Pakistan’s carbon sinks and advance sustainable development. Leveraging its vast hydropower potential can diminish fossil fuel reliance and enhance energy security. Engaging local communities through conservation efforts and education fosters environmental stewardship. Individual actions such as using public transport, renewable energy, and adopting a plant-based diet contribute to emission reduction. Collective efforts, coupled with clear targets like achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, pave the way for a sustainable Pakistan. Encouraging businesses to adopt sustainable practices is crucial. Implementing these strategies at all levels can foster a healthier planet and a more sustainable future for all.
—The writer is a young activist who comes from Islamabad and now lives in Dubai.
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