VIRAL hepatitis, characterized by liver inflammation, remains a pressing concern in Pakistan. The country faces a high prevalence of hepatitis C, ranking among the top in the world. However, the lack of awareness and understanding of different types of hepatitis, particularly acute and chronic viral hepatitis caused by hepatitis A and E viruses and hepatitis B and C viruses respectively, contributes to the growing public health crisis. In light of the escalating number of hepatitis cases, particularly hepatitis A and E, this article aims to shed light on their modes of transmission, prevention, available vaccines, and potential complications.
Hepatitis A and E, caused by viruses, can be transmitted through contaminated food and water, especially in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. Inadequate sewage systems and unsafe drinking water sources increase the risk of exposure to these viruses. On the other hand, hepatitis B and C are primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood or body fluids. Unprotected sexual contact, sharing contaminated needles, mother-to-child transmission during childbirth, and unsafe medical procedures are common modes of transmission for these viruses.
Preventing the transmission of viral hepatitis is crucial in controlling the spread of the diseases. Measures that can help reduce the risk include improving sanitation and hygiene practices, ensuring access to clean drinking water, and proper waste disposal. Promoting safe sexual practices, such as the use of condoms, can also play a significant role. Additionally, encouraging the use of sterile needles and ensuring proper disposal of used needles and other medical waste are important preventive measures.
Vaccination is a key strategy in preventing hepatitis infections. Vaccines are available for hepatitis A and B. The hepatitis A vaccine provides long-term protection against hepatitis A and is recommended for individuals in high-risk areas or those travelling to endemic regions. The hepatitis B vaccine is routinely administered to infants, healthcare workers, and individuals at high risk due to medical conditions or lifestyle choices. Vaccination can help prevent infection and reduce the burden of viral hepatitis in the population.
Both acute and chronic viral hepatitis can lead to various complications. Acute hepatitis A and E infections usually resolve without long-term consequences, but severe cases can cause liver failure, leading to life-threatening complications. Chronic hepatitis B and C infections, if left untreated, can result in liver damage, including cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer). Early diagnosis and appropriate management of chronic hepatitis are crucial to prevent or mitigate these complications.
In conclusion, the ongoing outbreak of hepatitis A and E in Pakistan highlights the need for increased public awareness, improved sanitation practices, and widespread vaccination. By educating the population about the modes of transmission, emphasizing preventive measures, and ensuring access to appropriate healthcare services, Pakistan can work towards reducing the burden of viral hepatitis and safeguarding the health of its citizens.
—The writer is Associate Professor of Public Health, Al-Shifa School of Public Health, based in Rawalpindi.
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